In his book Murder, Magic, and Medicine, John Mann cites a 15th-century text by the theologian Jordanes de Bergamo, who wrote that “the vulgar believe, and the witches confess, that on certain days or nights, they anoint a staff and ride on it to the appointed place or anoint themselves under the arms and in other hairy places.” Anxiety Over Witchcraft Leads to Legends Pharmacologist David Kroll writes in Forbes that alleged witches in the Middle Ages were thought to concoct their brews from such plants as Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), Mandragora officinarum (mandrake) and Datura stramonium (jimsonweed), all of which would have produced hallucinogenic chemicals known as tropane alkaloids.Īccording to some historical accounts, rather than ingest these mind-altering substances by eating or drinking, which would have caused intestinal distress, witches chose to absorb them through the skin-often in the most intimate areas of their bodies. In 1324, when the wealthy Irish widow Lady Alice Kyteler was tried for sorcery and heresy, investigators reported that in searching Kyteler’s house, they found “a pipe of ointment, wherewith she greased a staff, upon which she ambled and galloped through thicke and thin."
This “broomstick dance,” she writes, became confused with common accounts of witches flying through the night on their way to orgies and other illicit meetings.īroomsticks were also thought to be the perfect vehicles for the special ointments and salves that witches brewed up to give themselves the ability to fly, among other depraved activities.
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Both wear headscarves that identify them as Waldensians, members of a Christian sect founded in the 12th century who were branded as heretics by the Catholic Church, partly because they allowed women to become priests.Īnthologist Robin Skelton suggests the association between witches and brooms may have roots in a pagan fertility ritual, in which rural farmers would leap and dance astride poles, pitchforks or brooms in the light of the full moon to encourage the growth of their crops. In the two drawings, one woman soars through the air on a broom the other flies aboard a plain white stick. The earliest known image of witches on brooms dates to 1451, when two illustrations appeared in the French poet Martin Le Franc’s manuscript Le Champion des Dames (The Defender of Ladies). His confession came under torture, and he eventually repented but was still imprisoned for life.īy the time of Edelin’s “confession,” the idea of witches riding around on broomsticks was already well established. He was arrested in 1453 and tried for witchcraft after publicly criticizing the church’s warnings about witches. Edelin was a priest from Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris. From the beginning, brooms and besoms were associated primarily with women, and this ubiquitous household object became a powerful symbol of female domesticity.ĭespite this, the first witch to confess to riding a broom or besom was a man: Guillaume Edelin. It gradually replaced the Old English word besom, though both terms appear to have been used until at least the 18th century.
"As you know, crooked Joe Biden and the radical left thugs have weaponized law enforcement to arrest their leading political opponent, and leading by a lot, including Obama - I'll tell you what," Trump said.The word broom comes from the actual plant, or shrub, that was used to make many early sweeping devices. In the same speech, Trump appeared to mix up Biden and former President Barack Obama, saying he was ahead of Obama in the 2024 election polls. He then said, "We would be in World War II." World War II took place between 19.
"We have a man who is totally corrupt and the worst president in the history of our country, who is cognitively impaired, in no condition to lead, and is now in charge of dealing with Russia and possible nuclear war," Trump said during the speech, part of the ongoing conservative Pray Vote Stand summit. The former US president and 2024 candidate Donald Trump was mocked on social media after he said President Joe Biden was "cognitively impaired" and would lead the country into "World War II" if he were re-elected during a Washington, DC, summit on Friday.
It often indicates a user profile.įormer President Donald Trump arrives to address the Pray Vote Stand summit on Friday in Washington, DC. Account icon An icon in the shape of a person's head and shoulders.
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